Ciss M, Biteye B, Fall AG, Fall M, Gahn MCB, Leroux L, Apolloni A.

BMC Ecol. 2019 Nov 1;19(1):45. doi: 10.1186/s12898-019-0261-9.

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Vector-borne diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. In the Afrotropical region, some are transmitted by Culicoides, such as Akabane, bluetongue, epizootic haemorrhagic fever and African horse sickness viruses. Bluetongue virus infection has an enormous impact on ruminant production, due to its high morbidity and mortality rates.

METHODS:

A nationwide Culicoides trapping campaign was organized at the end of the 2012 rainy season in Senegal. A Maximum Entropy approach (MaxEnt), Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) method and Ecological Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA) were used to develop a predictive spatial model for the distribution of Culicoides, using bio-climatic variables, livestock densities and altitude.

RESULTS:

The altitude, maximum temperature of the warmest month, precipitation of the warmest quarter, mean temperature of the wettest quarter, temperature seasonality, precipitation of the wettest quarter and livestock density were among the most important factors to predict suitable habitats of Culicoides. Culicoides occurrences were, in most of the cases, positively correlated to precipitation variables and livestock densities; and negatively correlated to the altitude and temperature indices. The Niayes area and the Groundnut basin were the most suitable habitats predicted.

CONCLUSION:

We present ecological niche models for different Culicoides species, namely C. imicola, C. oxystoma, C. enderleini and C. miombo, potential vectors of bluetongue virus, on a nationwide scale in Senegal. Through our modelling approach, we were able to determine the effect of bioclimatic variables on Culicoides habitats and were able to generate maps for the occurrence of Culicoides species. This information will be helpful in developing risk maps for disease outbreaks.

See https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6825335/

Figure 1: Ecological niche factor analysis (ENFA) of Culicoides distribution in Senegal. C. imicola (a), C. oxystoma (b), C. enderleini (c) and C. miombo (d). Variables leading to ecological niche are represented into the light grey polygon and the dark grey polygon shows environmental conditions where Culicoides were observed (representation of the realized niche), and the small white circle corresponds to the barycentre of its distribution