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Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR) Technology
Thursday, 2022/11/24 | 08:33:52

Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR) is a method for performing digital PCR that is based on water-oil emulsion droplet technology. A sample is fractionated into 20,000 droplets, and PCR amplification of the template molecules occurs in each individual droplet. ddPCR technology uses reagents and workflows similar to those used for most standard TaqMan probe-based assays. The massive sample partitioning is a key aspect of the ddPCR technique.

 

This section provides an overview of droplet digital PCR technology, how ddPCR works, and what the advantages and benefits of ddPCR are.

 

What is Droplet Digital PCR?

 

Droplet Digital PCR technology is a digital PCR method utilizing a water-oil emulsion droplet system. Droplets are formed in a water-oil emulsion to form the partitions that separate the template DNA molecules. The droplets serve essentially the same function as individual test tubes or wells in a plate in which the PCR reaction takes place, albeit in a much smaller format. The massive sample partitioning is a key aspect of the ddPCR technique.

 

The Droplet Digital PCR System partitions nucleic acid samples into thousands of nanoliter-sized droplets, and PCR amplification is carried out within each droplet. This technique has a smaller sample requirement than other commercially available digital PCR systems, reducing cost and preserving precious samples.

 

Sample partitioning is the key to droplet digital PCR. In traditional PCR, a single sample offers only a single measurement, but in Droplet Digital PCR, the sample is partitioned into 20,000 nanoliter-sized droplets. This partitioning enables the measurement of thousands of independent amplification events within a single sample.

 

How Does Droplet Digital PCR Work?

 

ddPCR technology uses a combination of microfluidics and proprietary surfactant chemistries to divide PCR samples into water-in-oil droplets (Hindson et al. 2011). The droplets support PCR amplification of the template molecules they contain and use reagents and workflows similar to those used for most standard TaqMan probe-based assays. Following PCR, each droplet is analyzed or read to determine the fraction of PCR-positive droplets in the original sample. These data are then analyzed using Poisson statistics to determine the target DNA template concentration in the original sample.

 

Advantages of ddPCR over Other Digital PCR Technologies

 

Droplet Digital PCR surpasses the performance of earlier digital PCR techniques by resolving the previous lack of scalable and practical technologies for digital PCR implementation. Serial dilution is laborious and introduces the possiblity of pipetting error; competing chip-based systems rely on complex fluidics schemes for partitioning. Droplet Digital PCR addresses these shortcomings by massively partitioning the sample in the fluid phase in one step. The creation of tens of thousands of droplets means that a single sample can generate tens of thousands of data points rather than a single result, bringing the power of statistical analysis inherent in digital PCR into practical application. Bio-Rad's Droplet Digital PCR System automates the ddPCR workflow of droplet generation, thermal cycling, droplet reading, and data analysis, making this technology accessible to the working research laboratory.

 

The Benefits of Droplet Digital PCR

ddPCR technology enables high-throughput digital PCR in a manner that uses lower sample and reagent volumes and reduces overall cost compared with other methods while maintaining the sensitivity and precision that are the hallmarks of digital PCR.

 

The benefits of ddPCR technology include:

  1. Absolute quantification — ddPCR technology provides an absolute count of target DNA copies per input sample without the need for running standard curves, making this technique ideal for measurements of target DNA, viral load analysis, and microbial quantification
  2. Unparalleled precision — the massive sample partitioning afforded by ddPCR enables the reliable measurement of small fold differences in target DNA sequence copy numbers among samples
  3. Increased signal-to-noise ratio — high-copy templates and background are diluted, effectively enriching template concentration in target-positive partitions, allowing for the sensitive detection of rare targets and enabling a ±10% precision in quantification
  4. Removal of PCR bias — error rates are reduced by removing the amplification efficiency reliance of qPCR, enabling the detection of small (1.2-fold) differences
  5. Simplified quantification — neither calibration standards nor a reference (the ΔΔCq method) is required for absolute quantification
  6. Reduced consumable costs — reaction volumes are in the pico- to nanoliter ranges, reducing reagent use and the sample quantity required for each data point
  7. Lower equipment costs — the emulsion-based reaction system means that the PCR reactions can be performed in a standard thermal cycler without complex chips or microfluidics
  8. Superior partitioning — ddPCR technology yields 20,000 droplets per 20 µl sample, nearly two million partitioned PCR reactions in a 96-well plate, whereas chip-based digital PCR systems produce only hundreds or thousands of partitions. The greater number of partitions yields higher accuracy

 

See more https://www.bio-rad.com/en-vn/life-science/learning-center/introduction-to-digital-pcr/what-is-droplet-digital-pcr?ID=MDV31M4VY

 
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