Priscilla Glenn, Daniel P. Woods, Junli Zhang, Gilad Gabay, Natalie Odle & Jorge Dubcovsky

Theoretical and Applied genetics; November 2023; vol. 136; Article 237

Key message

The wheat transcription factor bZIPC1 interacts with FT2 and affects spikelet and grain number per spike. We identified a natural allele with positive effects on these two economically important traits.

Abstract

Loss-of-function mutations and natural variation in the gene FLOWERING LOCUS T2 (FT2) in wheat have previously been shown to affect spikelet number per spike (SNS). However, while other FT-like wheat proteins interact with bZIP-containing transcription factors from the A-group, FT2 does not interact with any of them. In this study, we used a yeast-two-hybrid screen with FT2 as bait and identified a grass-specific bZIP-containing transcription factor from the C-group, designated here as bZIPC1. Within the C-group, we identified four clades including wheat proteins that show Y2H interactions with different sets of FT-like and CEN-like encoded proteins. bZIPC1 and FT2 expression partially overlap in the developing spike, including the inflorescence meristem. Combined loss-of-function mutations in bZIPC-A1 and bZIPC-B1 (bzipc1) in tetraploid wheat resulted in a drastic reduction in SNS with a limited effect on heading date. Analysis of natural variation in the bZIPC-B1 (TraesCS5B02G444100) region revealed three major haplotypes (H1–H3), with the H1 haplotype showing significantly higher SNS, grain number per spike and grain weight per spike than both the H2 and H3 haplotypes. The favorable effect of the H1 haplotype was also supported by its increased frequency from the ancestral cultivated tetraploids to the modern tetraploid and hexaploid wheat varieties. We developed markers for the two non-synonymous SNPs that differentiate the bZIPC-B1b allele in the H1 haplotype from the ancestral bZIPC-B1a allele present in all other haplotypes. These diagnostic markers are useful tools to accelerate the deployment of the favorable bZIPC-B1b allele in pasta and bread wheat breeding programs.

See https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00122-023-04484-x

Figure 1: Phylogenetic analysis of C-group and S-group bZIP proteins. The tree was constructed using the Neighbor Joining method using an alignment of 83 amino acids (Fig. S1). Bootstrap values are indicated at the branching points. Bar indicates substitutions per site. Genes discussed in the manuscript are labeled in bold font. At = Arabidopsis thaliana, Os = Oryza sativa, Zm = Zea mays, Cl = Chasmanthium laxum, Sb = Sorghum bicolor, Si = Setaria italica, Hv = Hordeum vulgare, Ta = Triticum aestivum, Bd = Brachypodium distachyon, Pl = Pharus latifolius, Ja = Joinvillea ascendens